Sample paper 4
Passage For Question 1 to 9
The fossil remain of the first flying vertebrates, the pterosaurs, have intrigued paleontologists for more
than two centuries. How such large creatures, which weighed in some cases as much as a piloted
hangglider and had wingspans from 8 to 12 meters, solved the problems of powered flight, and
exactly what these creatures were-reptiles or birds- are among the questions scientist have puzzled
over. Perhaps the least controversial assertion about the pterosaurs is that they were reptiles. Their
skulls, pelvises, and hind feet are reptilian. The anatomy of their wings suggests that they did not
evolve into the class of birds. In pterosaurs a greatly elongated fourth finger of each forelimb
supported a wing like membrane. The other fingers were short and reptilian, with sharp claws, In birds
the second finger is the principle strut of the wing, which consists primarily of features. If the pterosaur
walked or remained stationary, the fourth finger, and with it the wing, could only turn upward in an
extended inverted V-shape along side of the animal's body. The pterosaurs resembled both birds and
bats in their overall structure and proportions. This is not surprising because the design of any flying
vertebrate is subject to aerodynamic constraints. Both the pterosaurs and the birds have hollow
bones, a feature that represents a saving in weight. In the birds, however, these bones are reinforced
more massively by internal struts. Although scales typically cover reptiles, the pterosaurs probably
had hairy coats. T.H. Huxley reasoned that flying vertebrates must have been warm
– blooded
because flying implies a high internal temperature. Huxley speculated that a coat of hair would
insulate against loss of body heat and might streamline the body to reduce drag in flight. The recent
discovery of a pterosaur specimen covered in long, dense, and relatively thick hairlike fossil material
was the first clear evidenced that his reasoning was correct. Efforts to explain how the pterosaurs
became air-borne have led to suggestions that they launched themselves by jumping from cliffs, by
dropping from trees, or even by rising into light winds from the crests of waves. Each hypothesis has
its difficulties. The first wrongly assumes that the pterosaur's hind feet resembled a bat's and could
served as hooks by which the animal could bang in preparation for flight. The second hypothesis
seems unlikely because large pterosaurs could not have landed in trees without damaging their
wings. The birds calls for high waves to channels updrafts. The wind that made such waves however,
might have been too strong for the pterosaurs to control their flight once airborne.
Question 1
It can be inferred from the passage that scientists now generally agree that the
A. enormous wingspan of the pterosaurs enable them to fly great distances
B. structure of the skeleton of the pterosaurs suggests a close evolutionary relationship to bats
C. fossil remains of the pterosaurs reveal how they solved the problem of powered flight
D. pterosaurs were reptiles
E. pterosaurs walked on all fours.
Correct Answer : D
Question 2
The authors views the idea that the pterosaurs became airborne by rising into light winds
created by waves as
A. revolutionary
B. unlikely
C. unassailable
D. probable
E. outdated