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8.What is the use of <HR> tag and <BR> tag?
HR TAG
The <hr> tag defines a the break in an HTML page (e.g. a shift of topic).
The <hr> element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page.
BR TAG:
The <br> tag inserts a single line break.
The <br> tag is an empty tag which means that it has no end tag
PART –B
(Each question carries 3 marks, Answer any FIVE questions. Q.No 16 – Compulsory)
9.Explain the IP address and its version?
IP Addresses
Internet Protocol hierarchy contains several classes of IP Addresses to be used efficiently in
various situations as per the requirement of hosts per network. Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is
divided into five classes of IP Addresses. All the five classes are identified by the first octet of IP
Address.
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for assigning IP addresses.
Internet Protocol version 4
The Internet Protocol version 4 was designed to be allocated to approximately 4.3 billion
addresses. At the beginning of Internet this was considered a much wider address space for which there
was nothing to worry about.
The sudden growth in internet users and its wide spread use has exponentially increased the number of
devices which needs real and unique IP to be able to communicate. Gradually, an IPS is required by
almost every digital equipment which were made to ease human life, such as Mobile Phones, Cars and
other electronic devices. The number of devices (other than computers/routers) expanded the demand for
extra IP addresses, which were not considered earlier.
Private IPs
: Few blocks of IPs were declared for private use within a LAN so that the requirement for
public IP addresses can be reduced.
NAT
: Network address translation is a mechanism by which multiple PCs/hosts with private IP addresses
are enabled to access using one or few public IP addresses.
Unused Public IPs were reclaimed by RIRs.
Internet Protocol v6 (IPv6)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) has redesigned IP addresses to mitigate the drawbacks of
IPv4. The new IP address is version 6 which is 128-bit address, by which every single inch of the earth
can be given millions of IP addresses.
Today majority of devices running on Internet are using IPv4 and it is not possible to shift them to IPv6 in
the coming days. There are mechanisms provided by IPv6, by which IPv4 and IPv6 can co-exist unless
the Internet entirely shifts to IPv6:
Dual IP Stack Tunneling (6to4 and 4to6) NAT Protocol Translation.
10.Explain the creation of frames in HTML.
Creating Frames
To use frames on a page we use <frameset> tag instead of <body> tag. The <frameset> tag
defines how to divide the window into frames. The rows attribute of <frameset> tag defines horizontal
frames and cols attribute defines vertical frames. Each frame is indicated by <frame> tag and it defines
which HTML document shall open into the frame.
Example
Following is the example to create three horizontal frames:
<!DOCTYPE html>