Study Set Content:
withdraw electrons from the ring, thereby making the ring more electron-poor, destabilizing the carbocation intermediate, and raising the activation energy for its formation.
Deactivating Group:
Activating Groups
-CH3, -NH2, -OH
-CH3 Inductive effect and resonance effect
Weak donating, none
-NH2, -OH Inductive effect and resonance effect
Weak withdrawing, strong donating
Deactivating halogens
F, Cl, Br, I
Deactivating halogens orienting effect
Ortho, para
F, Cl, Br, I Inductive and Resonance effect
Strong withdrawing weak donating
Deactivating groups
NO2, CN, CHO, CO2R, COR, CO2H
NO2, CN, CHO, CO2R, COR, CO2H Inductive and Resonance effect
Strong withdrawing, strong withdrawing
Alkyl groups attached to the aromatic ring are readily attacked by oxidizing agents and are converted into
carboxyl groups
- compounds that contain one or more halogen atoms.
- found in algae and various other marine organisms.
Organohalides
use as solvents, inhaled anesthetics, refrigerants, and pesticides
Halogen-containing compounds:
Alkyl halides comprise a halogen atom bonded to a saturated
- sp3-hybridized carbon atom
- Boiling Points
- have boiling points below room temperature (taken as being about 20°C).
These will be gases at room temperature. All the others you are likely to come across are liquids.
These will be gases at room temperature. All the others you are likely to come across are liquids.
the only methyl halide which is a liquid is
iodomethane
chloroethane is a
gas
Solubility in water: alkyl halide
- slightly soluble
Solubility in organic solvents: alkyl halides
tend to dissolve in organic solvents
Alkyl halides Density is directly proportional to the
mass of the compound
