Study Set Content:
Liquid HF
Protogenic
on the basis of forces of interaction
occurring in solvents one may
broadly classify solvents as one of
the three types:
Polar Solvents
Semi-Polar Solvents
Nonpolar solvents
those made up of strong dipolar
molecules having hydrogen bonding
○ Water
○ Hydrogen peroxide
Polar Solvents
those also made up of strong dipolar
molecules but that do not form
hydrogen bonds
○ Acetone○ Pentyl alcohol
Semi-Polar Solvents
made up of molecules having a
small or no dipolar character
○ Benzene
○ Vegetable oil
○ Mineral oil
Nonpolar solvents
The strength of an acid or a base
varies with the solvent
Theories of acids and bases
a molecule or ion that accepts an
electron pair to form a covalent bond
acid Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
substance that provides the pair of
unshared electrons by which the
base coordinates with an acid
Base Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
Boron Trifluoride (BF3
)
acid Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
Amines
Base Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
Ethers
Base Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
Aluminum salts (AlCl3
)
acid Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
Carboxylic acid anhydrides
Base Lewis theory(G.N Lewis)
when acids and bases react with
each other, they can form a salt and
(usually) water
Neutralization
HCl + NaOH →
H2O + NaCl
reverse of neutralization
Hydrolysis
a salt react with each other, they can
form a salt and (usually) water
Hydrolysis
BA + H2O →
HA + BOH
balance between two opposing
forces or actions
Equilibrium
maintains the concentration of the
reactants and products constant,
provided that other conditions, for
example: temperature or overall
chemical composition, remain the
same
Chemical equilibrium
