84. Organization of endocrine system. Morphological and functional characteristics of endocrine 

glands. Classification. Notion of hormones, target-cells and receptors to hormones. Pineal gland: 

origin, structure, function. 

85. Hypothalamus. Types of neurosecretory nuclei, features of structure and 

function of neurosecretory cells. 

86. Hypothalamo-adenohypophyseal and hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal systems. Forms and 

functional significance of hypothalamo-hypophyseal communication; portal system, axovasae 

synapses. Neurohemal organs. 

87. Pituitary gland. Origin, structure and function. Tissue and cell composition 

of the parts of hypophysis. Structural and functional features of endocrine cells; regulation of 

their function. 

88. Thyroid gland. Origin, structure, function. Cell composition. The features of 

hormone formation by follicular cells, regulation of secretion. Structure and function of 

parafollicular cells. 

89. Suprarenal glands. Origin, structure and function. Features of structure of 

cortex and medulla, characteristics of parenchimal cells. Synthesis and . release of hormones, 

regulation secretion; suprarenal glands and stress reaction. 

90. Parathyroid gland. Origin, cell composition, function. Diffuse endocrine system(DES). 

Origin, location and structure of APUD cells. Paracrine and endocrine effects of DES. 

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 

91. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Sources of development. Oral 

cavity  -  morphological and functional characteristics of mucosa. Structure and function of 

tonque. Teeth, structure and development. 

92. Major salivary glands. Structure and function of different salivary glands. 

93. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Sources of development. Esophagus, structure 

and function. Glands of esophagus. 

94. Alimentary tract. Common plan of structure. Innervation and blood supply. 

Characterization of endocrine complex and lymphoid apparatus. Palatine tonsils, structure and 

function. 

95. Stomach. Morphological and functional characterization. Structural features 

of different regions. Histophysiology of the glands. Innervation and blood supply. 

96. Small intestine. Morphological and functional characteristics^ Spuces of development. 

Innervation and vascularization. The peculiarities of structure in different regions. Cell 

composition and function of epithelium of both intestinal villi and crypts. Histophysiology of 

digestion and absorption. 

97. Large intestine. Common plan of structure, function. Characterization of 

epithelium, exocrine and endocrine secretion. Appendix. 

98. Pancreas, structure and origin. Histophysiology of exocrine and endocrine 

parts. Notion of gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system. 

99. Liver. Morphological and functional characteristics, origin. The features of blood supply. 

The architecture of classic hepatic lobule. Structural and functional characterization of 

hepatocytes, fat storing cells as well as wall of sinusoids. System of bile ducts, gallbladder. 

ORGANS OF HEMOPOIESIS AND IMMUNOPOIESIS 

100. Bone marrow. Development, structure. Characterization of postembryonic hemopoiesis in 

bone marrow. Interaction between stromal and hemopoietic cells. 

101.Hemopoietic organs.. Classification. Thymus: origin, structure, function. Interaction 

between epitheliocytes and lymphocytes. Endocrine function of thymus. Age and accidental 

involution of thymus. 

102. Spleen: structure and function. The features of blood supply. Embryonic and postembryonic 

hemopoiesis in spleen. T- and B-zones.