Study Set Content:
Hydrocarbons are the principal constituents of
petroleum and natural gas.
They serve as fuels and lubricants as well as
raw materials for the production of plastics, fibers, rubbers, solvents, explosives, and industrial chemicals.
Many hydrocarbons occur in nature. In addition to making up fossil fuels, they are present in trees and plants, as, for example, in the form of pigments called
Carotenes that occur in carrots and green leaves.
More than 98 percent of natural crude rubber is a
hydrocarbon polymer
a chainlike molecule consisting of many units linked together.
hydrocarbon polymer
- are aliphatic hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds.
Alkanes
The smallest alkane is
Methane
Physical Properties:
of alkanes
- Alkanes and cycloalkanes are nonpolar substances.
- Attractive forces between alkane molecules are dictated by London forces and are weak.
- Have low boiling points compared with polar molecules of comparable molecular weight.
- Boiling points of alkanes increase with increasing number of carbons.
Chemical Properties:
of alkanes
Burn in air to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and release heat.
are very versatile and are being used as solvents, heating oils, fuels, in fat synthesis, in the synthesis of fatty acids by air oxidation, in the manufacture of albumen, in the transformation to olefins
Alkanes
The ultimate condensed formula is a
ine-angle formula (line drawing/skeletal structure),
- designating functional groups that may be present in the compound.
suffix
- complete the molecular structure.
Names of substituent groups, other than hydrogen,
Naming (IUPAC Nomenclature) - Alkanes
- Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain.
- Identify and name groups attached to this chain.
- Number the chain consecutively, starting at the end nearest a substituent group.
- Designate the location of each substituent group by an appropriate number and name.
- Assemble the name, listing groups in alphabetical order using the full name. (e.g. cyclopropyl before isopropyl)
The prefixes di, tri, tetra etc., used to designate several groups of the same kind, are not considered when alphabetizing.
- A root or base indicating a major chain or ring of carbon atoms found in the molecular structure.
The IUPAC Systematic Approach to Nomenclature
Halogen substituents are easily accommodate, using the names:
fluoro (F-), chloro (Cl-), bromo (Br-), and iodo (I-)
