Description
In this collection we will go over the hematologic system, Components of blood, Structures of the Hematologic System, Oncologic Disorders and anemias
This collection is useful for all medical students
Study Set Content:
Hematologic System,
Oncologic Disorders &
Anemias
1
Hematology
Study of blood and blood forming tissues
Key components of hematologic system
are:
Blood
Blood forming tissues
Bone marrow
Spleen
Lymph system
2
What Does Blood Do?
Transportation
Oxygen
Nutrients
Hormones
Waste Products
Regulation
Fluid, electrolyte
Acid-Base balance
Protection
Coagulation
Fight Infections
3
Components of Blood
Plasma
55%
Blood Cells
45%
Three types
Erythrocytes/RBCs
Leukocytes/WBCs
Thrombocytes/Platelets
4
Erythrocytes/Red Blood Cells
Composed of hemoglobin
Erythropoiesis
= RBC production
Stimulated by hypoxia
Controlled by
erythropoietin
Hormone synthesized in kidney
Hemolysis
= destruction of RBCs
Releases bilirubin into blood stream
Normal lifespan of RBC = 120 days
5
Leukocytes/White Blood Cells
5 types
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
6
Types and Functions of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
Phagocytosis, early phase of
inflammation
Phagocytosis, parasitic infections
Inflammatory response, allergic
response
Agranulocytes
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Cellular, humoral immune response
Phagocytosis; cellular immune
response
TYPE
CELL FUNCTION
7
Thrombocytes/Platelets
Must be present for clotting to occur
Involved in hemostasis
8
Normal Clotting Mechanisms
Hemostasis
Goal: Minimizing blood loss when injured
1.
Vascular Response
vasoconstriction
2.
Platelet response
Activated during injury
Form clumps (agglutination)
3.
Plasma Clotting Factors
Factors I – XIII
Intrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway
9
Anticoagulation
Elements that interfere with blood
clotting
Countermechanism to blood clotting—
keeps blood liquid and able to flow
10
Structures of the Hematologic System
Bone Marrow
Liver
Lymph System
11
Bone Marrow
Bone Marrow
Soft substance in core of bones
Blood cell production (Hematopoiesis):The
production of all types of blood cells
generated by a remarkable self-regulated
system that is responsive to the demands
put upon it.
RBCs
WBCs
Platelets
12
Liver
Receives 24% of the cardiac output
(1500 ml of blood each minute)
Liver has many functions
Hematologic functions:
Liver synthesis plasma proteins
including clotting factors and
albumin
Liver clears damaged and non-
functioning RBCs/erythrocytes from
circulation
13
Spleen
Located in upper L quadrant of
abdomen
Functions
Hematopoietic function
Produces fetal RBCs
Filter function
Filter and reuse certain cells
Immune function
Lymphocytes, monocytes
Storage function
30% platelets stored in spleen
14
Effects of Aging on the Hematologic
System
CBC Studies
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb)
response to infection (WBC)
Platelets=no change
Clotting Studies
PTT
15
Assessment of the Hematologic System
Subjective Data
Important Health Information
Past health history
Medications
Surgery or other treatments
16
Assessment of
the Hematologic System (cont.)
Functional Health Patterns
Health perception – health management
Nutritional – metabolic
Elimination
Activity – exercise
Sleep – rest
Cognitive – perceptual
Self-perception – self-concept
Role – relationship
Sexuality – reproductive
Coping – stress tolerance
Value – belief
17
Assessment of
the Hematologic System (cont.)
Objective Data
Physical Examination
Skin
Eyes
Mouth
Lymph Nodes
Heart and Chest
Abdomen
Nervous System
Musculoskeletal System
18
Diagnostic Studies of the Hematologic
System: Complete Blood Count (CBC)
WBCs
Normal 4,000 -11,000 µ/
ℓ
Associated with infection, inflammation, tissue injury or
death
Leukopenia
--
WBC
Neutropenia
--
neutrophil count
RBC
♂
4.5 – 5.5 x 10
6
/
ℓ
♀
4.0 – 5.0 x 10
6
/
ℓ
Hematocrit (Hct)
The hematocrit is the percent of whole blood that is
composed of red blood cells. The hematocrit is a
and the
size of red blood cells.
19
Diagnostic Studies of the Hematologic System:
Complete Blood Count (CBC) Cont’d
Platelet count
Normal 150,000- 400,000
Thrombocytopenia-
platelet count
Spontaneous hemorrhage likely when count is
below 20,000
Pancytopenia
Decrease in number of RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets
20
