Study Set Content:
Water hardness that is caused by calcium bicarbonateisknown as
temporary
• Water hardness that is caused by calcium bicarbonate is known as temporary, because boiling converts thee bicarbonate to the
Insoluble carbonate
hardness from the other salts is called
permanent
in hard water react with the higher fatty acids of soap to form an insoluble gelatinous curd,
• Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water
Calcium and magnesium ions in hard water react with the higher fatty acids of soap to form an insoluble gelatinous curd, causing a (blank) of the soap
waste
determine the final properties of soap.
Chain length of fatty acids
As chain length increases, it becomes less
polar
As chain length increases, it becomes less polar and therefore less
soluble in water
tend to be harder and do not lather
Soap derived from long-chained fatty acids
Soap derived from long-chained fatty acids tend to be harder and do not lather as easily as soaps derived from
short-chained fatty acids.
is commonly included as an ingredient in liquid soaps.
Coconut oil
Coconut oil
(short-chained)
(blank) used during triglyceride hydrolysis can affect soap properties
Base
tend to be harder and less soluble in water
Sodium-based soaps
tend to be softer and more soluble in water.
Potassium-based soaps
is typically used to make liquid soaps.
KOH
Soaps cannot be used in (Blank) solutions:
acidic
protonation of (blank) reduces its hydrophilicity and ability to act as an emulsifier.
carboxylate head
Soaps cannot be used in (blank) water
hard
• Soaps cannot be used in hard water (high concentration of
Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions
