Study Set Content:
affect pituitary cells: coumestrol, genistein, bisphenol A
Phytoestrogens
alter pituitary structure or function (tetrabromo- and tetrachlorobisphenol)
Industrial chemicals
a chemical used in the treatment of alcoholics
Cynamide
Adrenocortical toxicity can also involve increased secretion of endogenous () due to compounds such as ethanol, cannabinoids, cocaine, and cytotoxic anticancer drugs.
glucocorticoids
- appear to be in the principal targets of xenobiotic chemicals in the adrenal cortex leading to necrosis from things such as: 7,12- dimethylbenzanthracene, acrylonitrile, thioacetamide and basic polyglutamic acid
Zona fasciculata and reticularis
inducers can cause accumulations of fats which may be of sufficient quantity to cause a reduction or loss of organellar unction and eventual cell destruction
Lipidosis
directly target glucocorticoid secretion
Spironolactone, ketoconazole and various PCBs
A wide range of lesions may be produced that may be classified as follows:
endothelial damage, mitochondrial damage, endoplasmic reticulum disruption, lipid aggregation, and lysosomal phospholipid aggregation.
• Biologically active cationic amphiphilic compounds produce a generalized () that involves primarily the zonae fasciculata and reticularis and produce microscopic phospolipid-rich inclusions. Examples: chloroquin, triparanol, chlorphentermine
phospholipidosis
most common • Large benign adrenal medullary proliferative lesions are designated pheochromocytoma. They are composed of chromatin cells with variable numbers of hormonecontaining secretory granules
Nodular hyperplasia
some of the best characterized thyroid disrupting chemicals; known to interfere with the thyroid system in a manner that leads to serious neurocognitive defect
PCB
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers- structurally similar to that of PCBs
PBDE
- few studies indicate that perchlorate exposureninhibits thyroid hormone levels possibly leading to hypothyroid-like outcomes
Perchlorate
mixtures containing () have been shown to increase thyroid volume to induce antibodies. Example: autoimmune thyroid disease
DDT
decrease T3 and T4 levels
Perfuorinated Chemicals
- () blocks T3 action by antagonizing the binding of T3 to its receptor.
Bisphenol A
may alter the levels of T3 and T4 in adult men and pregnant women. They result in low thyroid hormone levels and lead to symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Phtalates
Xenobiotic exposures may alter the structure of parathyroid gland; in some cases, chemicals cause death of the parathyroid cells resulting in a reduced size and limited release of PTH and other xenobiotic exposures have been shown to increase the size of the parathyroid gland (lead, rotenone, malathion, hexachlorobenzene) often leading to ()
parathyroid cancer
widely used to generate animal models of diabetes
Alloxan and streptozotocin
associated with increasing circulating levels
Insulin resistance
