Biology questions and answers

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 1

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following describes the major difference between
bryophytes (pron: bry-oh-fites) and tracheophytes (pron: tray-key-o-fites)?

a) tracheophytes can survive on land
b) tracheophytes have seeds inside fruits
c) tracheophytes can make their own food
d) tracheophytes have vessels to transport materials

ANSWER:   D -- TRACHEOPHYTES HAVE VESSELS TO TRANSPORT
MATERIALS 

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Complete the sentence.  The alternative forms of gene at the same
locus on homologous chromosomes are called what? 

ANSWER:  ALLELES

BIOL-91:  Short Answer:  The human pelvic girdle is composed of 3 fused bones on each side for
a total of 6 bones.  Name the 3 fused bones. 

ANSWER:  ILLIUM, ISCHIUM, and PUBIS

BIOL-91:  Short Answer:  What are rings of muscle which CLOSE body openings such as the lips
called?

ANSWER:  SPHINCTERS

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The myofilaments of muscles consist primarily of two proteins. 
These two proteins are called:

a) actin and myosin
b) progesterone and testosterone
c) progesterone and estrogen

ANSWER:   A -- ACTIN AND MYOSIN

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Is studies of the human body, what is used to describ a blood-filled sac
formed by an outpouching in an arterial or venous wall? 

ANSWER:   ANEURYSM

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 2

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice: What French scientist is considered the father of paleontology?  Was
it:

a) George Cuvier
b) Marquis de Condorcet
c) Jacque Tonnies
d) Auguste Compte

ANSWER:   A -- GEORGE CUVIER

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  What Roman physician's studies of human anatomy based on lower
animals served as the only text on the subject for nearly 1 centuries?  Was it:

a) Cartrum
b) Polonius
c) Galen
d) Monterius

ANSWER:   C -- GALEN

BIOL-91: Multiple Choice:  What percentage of the atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide?  Is it
approximately:

a) .03%  (read: three-hundredths of a percent)
b) 1%
c) 5%
d) 7%

ANSWER:   A -- .03%

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What process in all living things releases carbon dioxide as a waste
product?

ANSWER:  RESPIRATION

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  For convenience, living things are placed into variou groups.  The
taxonomic breakdown of living things consists of the following categories:

Family, Class, Genus, Phylum, Order, Kingdom and Species 
Give the order of these terms from least specific to most specific. 

ANSWER:  KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES 

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 3

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  In biology, what is the word used to describe the appearance of an
individual without regard to its hereditary constitution? 

ANSWER:  PHENOTYPE   (pron: fee-no-type)

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The chromosomes responsible for characteristics other than sex are
known by which of the following terms?

a) ribosomes
b) lysosomes
c) autosomes
d) spermatocytes

ANSWER:   C -- AUTOSOMES

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What genetic term describes the situation when a part of a chromosome
is broken off and lost?

ANSWER:   CHROMOSOMAL DELETION

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Each of the following is a cell organelle except one.  Which one of
these is NOT a cell organelle?  Is it

a) mitochondrion
b) lysosome
c) cytoplasm
d) endoplasmic reticulum

ANSWER:  C -- CYTOPLASM

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  When a color blind man marries a woman pure for normal color
vision, it is probable that one of the following situations may result.  Is it probable that

a) all the children will be color blind
b) all the grandchildren will be color blind
c) only the sons will be colorblind
d) half the grandsons will be color blind

ANSWER:  D -- HALF THE GRANDSONS WILL BE COLOR BLIND

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 4

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice: Which of the following are skin receptors in humans that are sensitive
to heat?  Are they:

a) end organs of Krause
b) Meissner's corpuscles
c) end organs of Ruffini
d) Pacinian corpuscles

ANSWER:  C -- END ORGANS OF RUFFINI

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:   Into which of the following acids is glucose broken down in the first
stage of carbohydrate metabolism?  Is it: 

a) pyruvic acid

(pie-rue-vick acid)

b) lactic acid
c) hydrochloric acid
d) citric acid

ANSWER:  A -- PYRUVIC ACID

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Hormones are composed from many classes of molecules.  As far as
our present knowledge extends, hormones are NOT found in which of the following categories of
substances:

a)  proteins
b)  peptides
c)  nucleic acids
d)  steroids

ANSWER:   C -- NUCLEIC ACIDS

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What is the term given to a fatty acid that has more than one set of
double bonds between carbons?

ANSWER:  POLYUNSATURATED

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The process by which an amino acid loses its amino group is called:

a)  hydration
b)  deamination
c)  oxidoamination
d)  dehydration

ANSWER:   B -- DEAMINATION

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 5

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  In a plasma membrane, which of the following provides a general
barrier to the movement of molecules?

a)  lipids
b)  proteins
c)  carbohydrates
d)  all of these

ANSWER:   A -- LIPIDS

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The name of the process by which oil glands in mammalian skins
secrete oils is:

a)  active transport
b)  apocrine secretion
c)  holocrine secretion
d)  osmosis

ANSWER:   C -- HOLOCRINE SECRETION

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  An individual with three X chromosomes is likely t be:

a)  a clinically normal female
b)  an abnormal female
c)  a Turner's individual
d)  a Kleinfelter's individual

ANSWER:   B -- AN ABNORMAL FEMALE

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Who is considered the father of Taxonomy? 

ANSWER:  (CAROLUS) LINNAEUS

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  In the first stage of photosynthesis, light energy is used to:

a)  move water molecules
b)  denature chlorophyll
c)  split water
d)  produce carbohydrates

ANSWER:   C -- SPLIT WATER

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 6

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  One-celled algae enclosed in minute two-part silic shells are called:

a)  dinoflagellates

(pron: die-no-flaj-el-ates)

b)  coelenterates

(pron:  sell-en-ter-ates)

c)  annelids
d)  diatoms

ANSWER:   D -- DIATOMS

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Osmoregulation is concerned with: 

a)  excretion
b)  ionic regulation
c)  control of the body's water content
d)  carbon dioxide regulation

ANSWER:   C -- CONTROL OF THE BODY'S WATER CONTENT

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following is not an arachnid? 

a)  lobster
b)  scorpion
c)  black widow spider
d)  tick

ANSWER:   A -- LOBSTER

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following is not found in blood? 

a)  fibrinogen
b)  glucose
c)  urea
d)  glycogen

ANSWER:   D -- GLYCOGEN

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Proof that plants can grow and reproduce using onl inorganic
nutrients comes from the study of:

a)  phototrophic nutrition
b)  mycorrhiza
c)  hydroponics
d)  humus

ANSWER:   C -- HYDROPONICS

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 7

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Water molecules enter plant epidermal cells by: 

a)  osmosis
b)  active transport
c)  translocation
d)  transpiration

ANSWER:   A -- OSMOSIS

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What molecule is the energy source for virtually all of the work done
by the cell?

ANSWER:  ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following diseases has been eradicate from the world?

a)  cholera
b)  smallpox
c)  diphtheria
d)  poliomyelitis

ANSWER:   B -- SMALLPOX

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  We believe the beginnings of life on earth took place in the:

a)  air
b)  land masses
c)  shallow oceans
d)  glaciers

ANSWER:   C -- SHALLOW OCEANS

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Each antibody molecule is made up of how many PAIR of
polypeptide chains, joined together by disulfide bonds. 

a)  1
b)  2
c)  3
d)  4

ANSWER:   B -- 2

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 8

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The immune system normally discriminates between which types of
antigens.

a)  B and T cells
b)  self and non-self
c)  humoral and cell-mediated
d)  primary and secondary

ANSWER:   B -- SELF AND NON-SELF

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Proteins that cause reactions to proceed more rapidly and lower the
energy of activation are called.

ANSWER:  ENZYMES

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  What percent of the total radiant energy received by a plant is
converted to chemical energy?

a)  less than 2
b)  10
c)  50
d)  75

ANSWER:   A -- LESS THAN 2

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Genes are able to control a cell's fate by determining the synthesis of:

a)  other genes
b)  enzymes
c)  carbohydrates
d)  fat

ANSWER:   B -- ENZYMES

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Resolution by any microscope is ULTIMATELY limited by the:

a)  curvature of the lenses
b)  wavelength of the light
c)  light intensity
d)  lens aberrations

ANSWER:   B -- WAVELENGTH OF THE LIGHT

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 9

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Humans cannot digest cellulose because: 

a)  it does not contain sugars
b)  it is made up of disaccharides
c)  it is made up of monosaccharides
d)  humans lack the proper enzymes

ANSWER:   D -- HUMANS LACK THE PROPER ENZYMES

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are all examples of:

a)  proteins
b)  steroids
c)  nucleic acids
d)  alcohols

ANSWER:   B -- STEROIDS

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What is sometimes called animal starch? 

ANSWER:  GLYCOGEN

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  How many PAIRS of nerves leave the vertebrate brain? 

ANSWER:  12

BIOL-91; Short Answer;  The vertebrate eyeball is bounded anteriorly by what convex,
transparent object?

ANSWER:  CORNEA

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What are the names given to the basic subunits of a nucleic acid.

ANSWER:  MONONUCLEOTIDES   or   NUCLEOTIDES

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  What is the term given to enzymes whose action is modulated by
binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site? 

ANSWER:   ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 10

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The muscle attachment to the bone of lesser movement is called the
muscle's:

a)  insertion
b)  head
c)  origin
d)  tail

ANSWER:   C -- ORIGIN

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  DNA present in a structural gene that does not seem to have a specific
coding function is known as what?

ANSWER:  INTRON

BIOL-91;  Multiple Choice:  The organic portion of bone consists of which one of the following
proteins.

a)  fibrin
b)  collagen
c)  actin
d)  myosin

ANSWER:   B -- COLLAGEN

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Octopus and squid belong to the class of molluscs known as:

a)  cephalopoda

(pron:  sef-eh-lah-pod-ah)

b)  bivalvia
c)  gastropoda

(pron:  gas-tro-pod-ah)

d)  polyplacophora

(pron:  poly-pla-so-for-ah) 

ANSWER:  A -- CEPHALOPODA

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  The name given to a structure present in angiosperms but lacking in
gymnosperms is?

ANSWER:  OVARY or OVULARY

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 11

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  In mammals, the primary function of the loop of Henle is:

a)  reabsorption of water
b)  water secretion
c)  ammonia secretion
d)  bicarbonate reabsorption

ANSWER:   A -- REABSORPTION OF WATER

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  What is the name of the phenomenon that occurs when tissue culture is
infected with one type of virus that causes the culture to resist infection by a second type of virus?

ANSWER:  VIRAL INTERFERENCE   or   INTERFERENCE

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  What are gas bubbles which form within plant cells o in blood known
as?

ANSWER:  EMBOLISM

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  What are the water conducting cells in non-flowering vascular plants
know as?

ANSWER:  TRACHEIDS

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  On a dry day, water diffuses out of the intercellula spaces of the leaf
through what part of the leaf?

ANSWER:  STOMATA

BIOL-91;  Short Answer:  A clogging of the bile duct interferes with the digestion of what
category of food?

ANSWER:  FATS  or  LIPIDS  or  FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What is the name given to the jellylike substance filling the chamber
behind the lens of the human eye?

ANSWER:  vitreous body      vitreous humor

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 12

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  The Erythrocytes of mammals lack what? 

ANSWER:  nucleus  or  DNA  or  chromosomes  or  mitochondria 

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The name of the ductless glands which secrete thei product into the
circulatory system are:

a)  exocrine

(pron: ek-seh-kren)

b)  apocrine

(pron: ap-eh-kren)

c)  holocrine

(pron: hoe-leh-kren)

d)  endocrine (pron: en-deh-kren)

ANSWER:   D -- ENDOcrine

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  In the first stage of photosynthesis, light energy splits water
molecules leaving a by-product which is released.  This byproduct is:

a)  hydrogen
b)  carbon dioxide
c)  oxygen
d)  methane

ANSWER:   C -- oxygen

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The bacteria which cause dental cavities in humans break down
sugars, releasing what chemical, that causes tooth destruction? 

a)  acids
b)  bases
c)  enzymes
d)  monosaccharides

ANSWER:   A -- acids

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Blood platelets are:

a)  cytoplasmic fragments
b)  free nuclei
c)  a kind of red cell
d)  found only during clot formation

ANSWER:   A -- Cytoplasmic fragments

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 13

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Oxidation of fats and carbohydrates within a cell would be an
example of:

a)  anabolism
b)  catabolism
c)  biosynthesis
d)  none of the above

ANSWER:   B -- Catabolism

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The muscle which is under involuntary control is: 

a)  striated
b)  smooth
c)  skeletal

ANSWER:   B -- SMOOTH

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The secondary pacemaker of the heart is known as the:

a)  AV node
b)  SA node
c)  Purkinje Bundle
d)  None of the above

ANSWER:   A -- AV node

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  A pyrogen is a substance released during inflammation that aids in
causing:

a)  swelling
b)  redness
c)  fever
d)  pain

ANSWER:   C -- fever

BIOL-91; ; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following living creatures is most likely to have
evolved from the trilobite?

a)  millipede
b)  sea star
c)  sea anemone
d)  whelk

ANSWER:   A -- millipede

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 14

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  A lake which has high nutrient availability is: 

a)  oligotrophic

(pron: all-i-go-tro-fik)

b)  eutrophic

(pron: you-tro-fik)

c)  mesotrophic

(pron: mez-eh-tro-fik)

ANSWER:   B -- eutropHic

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The hormone causing growth of the endometrium (pron:
en-doe-me-tree-um) is:

a)  androgen

(pron: ann-drah-jen)

b)  leutenizing hormone

(pron: lew-ten-I-zing)

c)  estrogen
d)  prolactin

ANSWER:   C -- estrogen

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Nitrogen fixation is accomplished by: 

a)  plants
b)  bacteria
c)  animals
d)  viruses

ANSWER:   B -- bacteria

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The vesicles formed via the process known as phagocytosis (pron:
fag-eh-seh-toe-sis) are called:

a)  lysosomes

(pron: lye-sah-somes:  somes rhymes with homes)

b)  Golgi apparatus
c)  food vacuoles
d)  mitochondria

(pron: my-toe-chon-dria)

ANSWER:   C -- FOOD VACUOLES

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Of the following three substances, which provides the LEAST source
of energy for the body?

a)  protein
b)  fats
c)  carbohydrates

ANSWER:   A -- proteins

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 15

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Type A blood contains isohemaglutinins against which red cells?

a)  type A
b)  type B
c)  type O
d)  type G

ANSWER:   A -- type A

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which cell count tends to be elevated when an individual has an
allergy or parasitic worms?

a)  red blood cells
b)  erythrocyte
c)  eosinophil (pron: e-o-sin-o-fill)
d)  platelet

ANSWER:   C -- eosinophil

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Veins tend to have the following except: 

a)  valves for unidirectional flow
b)  very elastic walls
c)  thin walls
d)  increasing size toward the heart

ANSWER:   B -- very elastic walls

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Gallstones are most often the result of: 

a)  gallbladder irritation
b)  eating cherries and swallowing the pits
c)  precipitation of cholesterol
d)  accumulated bile pigment

ANSWER:   C -- precipitation of cholesterol

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The loss of water by plants in the form of vapor i called:

a)  evaporation
b)  transpiration
c)  evapotranspiration
d)  vaporization

ANSWER:  C -- evapotranspiration

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 16

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Sponges are included in which of the following phyla?

a) Cnidaria

(pron: nid-air-e-ah)

b) Porifera
c) Reptilia
d) Foraminifera

(pron: feh-ram-eh-nif-eh-rah)

ANSWER:   B -- PORIFERA

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Name the tendon in humans which attaches the gastrocnemius and
soleus muscles to the calcaneum or heel bone. 

ANSWER:   Achilles Tendon

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What is the normal pH of human blood? 

ANSWER:   7.4

BIOL-91: Short Answer:  Myosin is one of two proteins that make up the myofibrils of striated
muscles.  Name the other protein.

ANSWER:   Actin

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Part of the endocrine system in humans, these two glands are small
bodies located at the upper end of each kidney.  While these glands perform a variety of functions,
two of the most important are (1) control of the body's adjustment to an upright posture, and (2)
accommodation of the body to intermittent rather than constant intake of food.  Name these
glands.

ANSWER:   Adrenal Glands

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  Name the gelatin-like substance which is prepared fro various species
of red algae growing in Asiatic waters.  The prepared product appears in the form of cakes,
coarse granules, long shreds or in thin sheets.  It is used extensively alone or in combination with
various nutritive substances, as a medium for culturing bacteria and various fungi 

ANSWER:   Agar-agar   or   just Agar

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 17

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What is a partial or total loss of memory of a temporary or permanent
nature known as?

ANSWER:   Amnesia

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  All of the following are characteristic of amphibians EXCEPT:

a)  moist skin
b)  the absence of scales
c)  metamorphosis
d)  live in salt water

ANSWER:   D -- live in salt water

BIOL-91; Short Answer:  What term is used to describe the procedure whereby a catheter is
inserted into an individual's heart, a radio-opaque medium is injected, and x-ray images are made. 
The procedure is used to locate wher arteries are blocked and the degree to which the blockage
has developed. 

ANSWER:   Angiography   or   Angiogram

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Which of the following joints is formed by the articulation of the
tibia, the malleolus of the fibula, and the convex surface of the talus.  Is it the:

a)  ankle
b)  knee
c)  elbow
d)  wrist

ANSWER:   A -- Ankle

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  A plant which completes its life cycle, from seed to seed, in a single
growing season is known as:

a)  perennial
b)  cyclic
c)  annual
d)  circadian

ANSWER:   C -- Annual

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 18

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  In flowers the terminal part of a stamen, containing the pollen sacs is
known as the:

a)  anther
b)  style
c)  filament
d)  pistil

ANSWER:   A -- Anther

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The process of nuclear reorganization in protozoa in which the
nucleus divides, each half undergoes a maturation, and the tw persisting functional nuclei reunite
is known as:

a)  autogamy
b)  autolysis
c)  autoregression
d)  autotomy

ANSWER:   A -- Autogamy

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Of the following, which is NOT a bacterial disease Is it:

a)  strep throat
b)  herpes
c)  Bubonic Plague
d)  Diphtheria

ANSWER:   B -- herpes

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Of the following, which is NOT a viral disease?  I it:

a)  Hepatitis
b)  Chicken Pox
c)  Tuberculosis
d)  Rabies

ANSWER:   C -- Tuberculosis

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 19

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Most of the fungi commonly observed are members of this group of
fungi, which includes toadstools, mushrooms and puffballs. This group of fungi is known as:

a)  Phycomycetes

(pron: fI-kO-my-seats)

b)  Ascomycetes

(pron: as-kO-my-seats)

c)  Basidomycetes

(pron: beh-sid-E-O-my-seats)

d)  Plyocetes

(pron: ply-O-seats)

ANSWER:   C -- Basidomycetes

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Truffles, morels and the many yeasts which are basic to fermentation
processes belong to this group of fungi.  These fung are known as:

a)  Phycomycetes
b)  Ascomycetes
c)  Basidomycetes
d)  Plyocetes

ANSWER:   B -- Ascomycetes

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Many living organisms exhibit the unique property of producing
visible light.  What term is used to describe this phenomena? 

ANSWER:    Bioluminescence   or   photoluminescence

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Many living organisms exhibit the unique property of producing
visible light.  The compound that is oxidized with subsequent light emission is usually referred to
as luciferin.  What is the enzyme which catalyzes the reaction known as?

ANSWER:   Luciferase

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:   The muscle which RAISES a bird's wing is known as the:

a)  Pectoralis major
b)  pectoralis minor
c)  soleus
d)  gluteus maximus

ANSWER:   B -- pectoralis minor

Science Bowl

BIOLOGY

Biology - 20

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  The adult human of average age and size has approximately how
many quarts of blood?  Is it:

a)  4
b)  6
c)  8
d) 10

ANSWER:   B -- 6

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Once the erythrocytes enter the blood in humans, i is estimated that
they have an average lifetime of how many days.  Is it: 

a)  10 days
b) 120 days
c) 200 days
d) 360 days

ANSWER:   B -- 120 Days

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Of the following, which mechanisms are important i the death of
erythrocytes (pron: eh-rith-reh-sites) in human blood?  Is it 

a)  phagocytosis

(pron: fag-eh-seh-toe-sis)

b)  hemolysis
c)  mechanical damage
d)  all of the above

ANSWER:   D -- all of the above

BIOL-91; Multiple Choice:  Surplus red blood cells, needed to meet an emergency, are MAINLY
stored in what organ of the human body?  Is it the: 

a)  pancreas
b)  spleen
c)  liver
d)  kidneys

ANSWER:   B -- spleen