on groups of individuals defined by specific characteristics other than geography, such as a health determinant or disease state For example, Homsted et.al, provide a process-based definition of population health management:

he active process of strategically utilizing health determinant data for a defined cohort to design, coordinate, and deliver high quality, cost-effective, patient centered care across the continuum,through optimizing communication, collaboration, and utilization of available resources with the goal of creating and sustaining health.

Pharmacists can participate in population health management by being able to identify the () of a population and implement necessary changes by, for example, performing medication reviews (especially of risky or costly medications) and working with other healthcare providers to develop care paths and chronic disease state management programs:

concerted actions to improve adherence to medication, diet, and exercise regimens, and through efforts to discourage harmful behaviors such as tobacco use, substance abuse, and high-risk sexual activity

: help ensure patients have received appropriate preventive care, such as well care visits, immunizations, and screenings (e.g., mammograms, colonoscopies).

Contributing to ()-based monitoring and education of patients about healthy lifestyle choices and screening for social determinants of health

programs provide one example of a role pharmacists can have a role in population health managemen

 can be used to identify and resolve drug therapy problems. Pharmacists can develop comprehensive individual care plans, identify and meet vaccination needs, and improve health outcomes through adherence and management of chronic diseases.

can provide pharmacists the opportunity to identify social determinants of health during patient care conversations (e.g., identifying social determinants of health such as food insecurities may shed light on why a patient skips meals and insulin, leading to uncontrolled diabetes) and help address them.

 Some of the leading () initiatives of Healthy People 2030 include smoking cessation, fall risk assessment, vaccinations, and medical product safety,28 which can all be addressed during MTM services provided by pharmacists.

Pharmacists can develop institutional () programs to check immunization status and identify undiagnosed medical conditions (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, depression, substance abuse, behavioral health issues)

 Pharmacists have gained () in many parts of the United States to administer immunizations, sometimes with a prescription from a physician, but often just at the request of the patient, and are making it a routine part of offered services.

 Pharmacists can () and model behaviors to mitigate threats that are high risk to public health, such as anthrax, botulism, plague, and smallpox, as well as currently emerging diseases spread by viral and bacterial vectors, such as Zika, HIV, influenza (e.g., H1N1), and coronaviruses

 pharmacists can use and make their patients () of available resources and services by providing website links, data, interactive tools, and reports as passive offerings in clinic and community pharmacies.  Pharmacists can more actively ()disease prevention through collaborative care agreements, prescribing, therapeutic medication management, and counseling.

is one of pharmacists’ primary responsibilities.32,33 Adverse medication events are estimated to cost the United States more than $30 billion a year and inflict incalculable loss and suffering on victims

 By providing focused and comprehensive medication () to individual patients and groups of patients, pharmacists can help reduce emergency room visits and hospital admissions by up to 30%.

 The pharmacist’s role in medication safety and preventable adverse events from medications align with the national ()() outlined in Healthy People 2030

 Pharmacists are ideally suited to serve in leadership roles as an()for medication safety by virtue of their education and training and their responsibility for ensuring medication safety through use of technologies such as barcoding, computerized provider order entry systems, infusion pumps, and clinical decision support.

 Pharmacists can improve medication-related processes and develop strong medication()practices utilizing Just Culture principles35 to facilitate high-reliability organizations36 through engagement in facility-wide committees (e.g., medication safety or pharmacy and therapeutics committees).  Pharmacists can also () adherence and effective medication use through initiatives in the community and local organizations.  Pharmacists are () for monitoring the medication-use system and reporting of medication-related adverse events because of their unique expertise in this area.

 Pharmacists are often an inherent part of() of care (e.g., through community pharmacies, managed-care facilities, long-term care), so they can play a significant role in ensuring medication safety by counseling patients, identifying potential medicationrelated adverse drug events, and putting in place strategies to prevent those events (e.g., notifying pharmacy colleagues in a setting that a patient is transferring to, or raising awareness of possible threats to medication safety for specific patients).  Pharmacists’ ability to ()-solve and decrease future medication-related adverse events is beneficial to public health at large.

Efforts to address the opioid epidemic'

 ASHP has described roles and responsibilities pharmacists have in substance abuse ()()() and prevention of controlled substances diversion

 Healthcare professionals have come to embrace what is termed “pain management and opioid stewardship,” recognizing that “() stewardship is an integral... part of an overall pain management and stewardship strategy” and that behavioral and socioeconomic aspects of care should be “recognized as an overarching component that needs to be addressed across the spectrum of patients

o Prevention

() with healthcare colleagues to take an interprofessional approach to pain management and opioid stewardship that incorporates evidence-based non-opioid therapies and reduces the risks of abuse, misuse, and addiction.

 () communication and educational approaches to explain dosing instructions to patients in ways that avoid or reduce common problems that stem from opioid misuse or overuse

 Leading efforts to prevent () of controlled substances.

 Working with other healthcare professionals, governmental agencies, and civic organizations to () opioid use disorder and foster development of treatment programs

 Using and advocating for the () of state prescription drug monitoring programs.

 Participating in public substance abuse education and () programs.