Study Set Content:
Bites by the black widow are described as () and()-like, followed by a (), occasionally () pain in the affected extremity and by pain and cramps in one or several of the large muscle masses.
pinprick, sharp, dull, numbing
Venom of () appears to contain phospholipase, protease, esterase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, dipeptides,dermonecrosis actors, and sphingomyelinase D.
Loxosceles spiders (BROWN OR VIOLIN SPIDERS
Has coagulation and vasoconstriction properties and it causes selective vascular endothelial damag
LOXOSCELES SPECIES (BROWN OR VIOLIN SPIDERS)
False black widow, combfooted, cobweb, or cupboard spiders. The venom of () stimulates the release of transmitter substances similar to Latrodectus.
Steatoda paykulliana
Venom induces strong motor unrest, clonic cramps, exhaustion, ataxia, and then paralysis. • It forms ionic channels that are permeable for bivalent and monovalent cations, and theduration of time in the open state depends on the membrane potential.
STEATODA SPECIES
Most toxic venom fraction is said to be a protein of 60 kDa, and the venom is high in norepinephrine and serotonin.
CHEIRACANTHIUM (SPECIES RUNNING SPIDERS)
Venoms that act rapidly and irreversibly on the central and peripheral nervous systems.
THERAPHOSIDAE SPECIES (TARANTULAS)
Contain several toxins that are being evaluated for development as antiarrhythmic or as antinociceptive drugs. In particular, () from Grammostola spatulata has considerable promise as an antiarrhythmic
Grammostola mechanotoxin 4
from Thrixopelma pruriens have promise as analgesics because they inhibit the tetrodotoxinresistant sodium channels
Protoxin I and II
Tick paralysis is caused by the saliva of certain ticks of the families
Ixodidae, Argasidae
Contains apyrase (ATPdiphosphohydrolase), kininase, glutathione peroxidase, serine protease inhibitors, anticomplement protein, and an amine-binding protein.
Ixodes scapularis
A saliva of Ixodes holocyclus has yielded a peptide () that may cause paralysis.
holocyclotoxin-1
(CENTIPEDES)
CHILOPODA
The venom is concentrated within the intracellular granules, discharged into vacuoles of the cytoplasm of the secretory cells, and moved by exocytosis into the lumen of the gland; from thence ducts carry the venom to the jaws.
Scolopendra species
(MILLIPEDES)
DIPLOPODA
DIPLOPODA (MILLIPEDES)
The repellent secretions expelled from the sides of their bodies contain a toxin of () derivatives plus a variety of complex substances such as () and (), which the animal makes use of to produce hydrogen cyanide
benzoquinone, iodine , hydrocyanic acid
Lesions produced by ()consist of burning or prickling sensation and development of a yellowish or brown-purple lesion; subsequently, a blister containing serosanguinous fluid forms, which may rupture.
millipedes
Most important of the true bugs are the
Reduviidae (the reduviids): the kissing bug, assassin bug, wheel bug, or cone-nose bug of the genus triatoma.
Venom of these bugs appears to have ()activity and to lack 5- nucleotidase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, phosphatase, and adenylate kinase activities, but it is fairly rich in () properties
apyrase , protease
HYMENOPTERA
(ANTS, BEES, WASPS, AND HORNETS)
