Study Set Content:
(Ants)
Formicidae
Clinically important stinging ants are the
harvesting ant
Fire ants
Little fire ants
harvesting ant
Pagonomyrmex
fire ants
Solenopsis
little fire ants
(Ochetomyrmex)
ant venom contains about 60% formic acid. () venom are rich in alkaloids.
Formicinae, fire ants
(Bees)
Apidae
Commonest stinging bees are
e Apis melliferaand the Africanized bee, Apis mellifera adansonii, a
Venom contains biologically active peptides, such as ()() mast cell–degranulating peptide, and others, as well as phospholipase A2 and B, hyaluronidase, histamine, dopamine, monosaccharides, and lipids.
melittin, apamine,
cause a breakdown of the resting potential and rapid depolarization of nociceptors, which induces pain.
Melittin tetramers
is a blocker of calcium-dependent potassium channels and is thought to be the “lethal factor.”
Apamine
Wasps
Vespidae
Venoms contain a high content of peptides, which include () in wasps and hornets and () from hornet venom.
mastoparan, crabolin
cause immediate pain, vasodilation, and increased vascular permeability leading to edema.
Wasps kinin
CATERPILLARS, MOTHS, AND BUTTERFLIES)
LEPIDOPTERA
of caterpillars are effective defensive weapons that protect some species from predators.
Urticating hairs, or setae
Toxic material found in the venom glands contains () peptide
aristolochic acids, cardenolides, kallikrein, histamine and a fibrinolytic
Spicules of () contain a toxin that is a strong dermal irritant and highly allergenic peptide
Thaumetopoea pityocampa
(CONE SNAILS)
Mollusca
Cone snails have a venom duct or synthesis and storage of venom and hollow harpoon-like teeth or injection of the venom. • 100 different venom components per species known as
Conotoxins
