Study Set Content:
Molecular targets include G-protein-coupled receptors, neuromuscular transporters, and ligand- or voltage gated ion channels.
Connotoxins
() could be called sophisticated practitioners of combination drug therapy. • After injection, multiple conopeptides act synergistically to affect the targeted prey. The term () has been applied to this coordinated action of the conopeptide mixture
Cone snails, toxin caba
causes immediate immobilization of the injected prey because various venom components inhibit voltage-gated sodium channel inactivation and block potassium channels, resulting in massive depolarization of axons in the vicinity of the injection site and a tetanic state
“Lightning-strike cabal"
apparently has two distinct cabals whose effects differ in time and space.
Conus purpurascens
acts more slowly as conotoxins must be distributed throughout the body of the prey.
Motor cabal
Gila monster
Heloderma suspectum
beaded lizards
Heloderma horridum
Their venom is transferred from venom glands in the lower jaw through ducts that discharge their contents near the base of the larger teeth of the
lower jaw
Venom of this lizard has serotonin, amine oxidase, phospholipase A, a bradykinin-releasing substance, ()(), and low-proteolytic as well as highhyaluronidase activities.
helodermin, gilatoxin
Venomous snakes primarily belong to the following families:
Viperidae (vipers), Elapidae, Atractaspididae, and Colubridae.
Snake Venoms - A simplistic approach would group toxin components as
neurotoxins, coagulants, hemorrhagins, hemolytics, myotoxins, cytotoxins, and nephrotoxins.
are enzymes that disrupt the hemostatic system that blocks the function of integrin receptors, a function that could alleviate a variety of pathological conditions such as inflammation, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and thrombosis.
Snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP)
Polypeptides - most of the lethal activity of the poison of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciatainvolves
erabutoxins
are a family of short cysteine-rich polypeptides that exhibit affinity or many ligand receptors
Disintegrins
A specific agent () from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom induces skeletal muscle spasms and paralysis by changing the inactivation process of sodium channels leading to depolarization of the neuromuscular junction.
crotamine
In humans, the course of the poisoning is determined by: ➢ The () and () of venom injected ➢ The () where it is deposited ➢ The general (), size, and age of the patient ➢ The () of treatment
kind amount, site , health, kind
Snakebite Treatment: Three General Principles
o Snake venom poisoning is a medical emergency requiring ()attention and the exercise of considerable judgment.
o The venom is a complex mixture of substances of which the proteins contribute the major deleterious properties, and the only adequate antidote is the use of specific or ()
o Not every bite by a venomous snake ends in an ()
immediate , polyspecific antivenom., envenomation.
Consists of venom-specific () concentrated from immune serum to the venom.
antisera or antibodies
Antisera contain neutralizing antibodies: one antigen () or several antigens ().
monospecific, polyspecific
have a high neutralization capacity, which is desirable against the venom of a specific animal.
Monovalent antivenoms
