Study Set Content:
are produced by the fungus Fusarium that is known to grow on corn.
Fumonisin toxins
a norsesquiterpene glycoside, is the known carcinogen present in the fern and it has been found to alkylate adenines and guanines of DNA.
Ptaquiloside
Bracken fern
(Pteridium aquilinum)
Species of Xanthium (cocklebur, Asteraceae) have been found to contain the toxin (), which causes microvascular hemorrhages in multiple organs
carboxyatractyloside
Consumption of the mushroom species Cortinarius has been found to cause () but different species vary widely in toxicity and, therefore, edibility
acute kidney injury
Fungal infections in sweet clover (Melilotus alba) have been found to produce (), a coumarin derivative that is a potent anticoagulant.
dicumarol
(), a species of poppy, produces (), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is known to intercalate DNA and have carcinogenic potentia
Argemone (Papaveraceae), sanguinarine
Found in a wide variety of plants including the kernels of apples, cherries, and peaches
Cyanogens
Metabolism of amygdalin in peaches releases () acid that binds to the ferric ion in methemoglobin and cytochrome oxidase system, which, if severe enough, results in cyanide poisoning with death from asphyxiation.
hydrocyanic
Cassava produced from Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), raw root contains a cyanogenic glucoside()that must be removed during processing of the root or human consumption
linamarin
Within the family Apiaceae, which contains carrots, the fleshy tubers of Cicuta maculata(water hemlock) produce neurotoxic ()(a C17-polyacetylene).
cicutoxin
Within the family Apiaceae, which contains carrots, the fleshy tubers of Cicuta maculata(water hemlock) produce neurotoxic cicutoxin (a C17-polyacetylene). o Consumption results in fatal poisoning, characterized by tonic–clonic convulsions, owing to the cicutoxin binding to () channels
GABA-gated chloride
Members of the mint family (Labiatae) such as pennyroyal (Hedeoma), sage (Salvia), and hyssop (Hyssopus) are known for their essential oils containing
Monoterpenes
Red algae (Digenia simplex) under certain conditions can proliferate rapidly leading to the notorious beach vacating “red tide” and producing
Kainic acid
Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) and Amanita pantherian (panther agaric) produce the excitatory amino acid () and its derivative () that is neurotoxic causing CNS depression, ataxia, hysteria, and hallucinations
ibotenic acid, muscimol
Psilocybe, which contains
psilocin and psilocybin.
MOTOR NEURON DEMYELINATION • Karwinskia humboldtiana produces () in its seeds. In addition to neurotoxicity, the anthracenones in Karwinskia, especially (), cause lung atelectasis, emphysema, and massive liver necrosis. Inhibition of catalase in peroxisomes has been proposed as the mechanism of cell toxicity
anthracenones, peroxisomicine A2
()()()contain significant amounts of (), the principal neurotransmitter in the Parasympathetic NS. Consumption results in extreme parasympathetic activation resulting in urination, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, and lacrimation.
Inocybe, Clitocybe, and Omphalatus , muscarine
are belladonna alkaloids that can be found in varying concentrations in several genera of Solanaceae, such as Datura stramonium (jimson weed), Hyoscyamus niger (henbane), Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade), and Duboisia myoporoides (pituri).
Atropine, 1-hyoscyamine, and scopolamine
Atropine, 1-hyoscyamine, and scopolamine effects
Block the muscarinic receptor, tachycardia, dry mouth, dilated pupils, and decreased gastrointestinal motility
