Study Set Content:
found in C. annuum (sweet pepper) and C. frutescens(red pepper) causes a burning sensation on vanilloid-type (VR1) sensory receptors.
Capsaicin
an isomer of nicotine, is present in Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco, Solanaceae) and produces prolonged depolarization of the junction after a period of excessive stimulation.
Anabasine
Anabasine, an isomer of nicotine, is present in Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco, Solanaceae) and produces prolonged depolarization of the junction after a period of excessive stimulation. • Result in (), followed by severe, generalized weakness, and () compromise
flexor muscle spasm and gastrointestinal irritation, respiratory
which is used as a poison placed on the tips of arrows, is a potent neuromuscular blocking agent that is obtained from Strychnos toxifera and Chondrodendron tomentosum.
Curare
(), a species of alga, can produce under the right conditions a neurotoxin ()that, when ingested by animals that drink pond water with the alga present, depolarizes and blocks the animal’s nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which can cause death from respiratory arrest within minutes to hours.
Anabaena flosaquae, anatoxin A
Certain species of Thermopsis produce seeds that contain
quinolizidine alkaloids.
Consumption of Cassia obtusifolia (sicklepod, Leguminosae) seeds by livestock causes a degenerative myopathy in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Extracts inhibit () in bovine and swine mitochondria in vitro.
NADH-oxidoreductase
Consumption of Solanum malacoxylon(Solanaceae) by sheep and cows can cause a marked decrease in bone calcium and calcification of the entire vascular system due to the presence of ()
water-soluble vitamin D–like substance
the active alkaloid in the legumes Astragalus and Oxytropus
Swainsonine
Foliage and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena glauca, and Mimosa pudica contain a toxic amino acid,
mimosine
Ingestion of V. californicum (California false hellebore, Liliaceae) • Toxic alkaloid called () causes teratogenesis by blocking cholesterol synthesis that, among other things, prevents a proper response of fetal target tissue to the sonic hedgehog gene (SHH).
jervine
Venomous animals are capable of producing a poison in a highly developed () gland or group of cells and can deliver their toxin during a biting or stinging act.
exocrine
Animal venom may play a role in () (as in the capture and digestion of food), in the animal’s () (as in protection against predators or aggressors), or in both functions
offense, defense
Venoms used in an offensive posture are generally associated with the (), as in the snakes and spiders, while those used in a defensive function are usually associated with the () or with spines, as in the stingrays and scorpion fishes.
oral pole, abora pole
animals have no specific mechanism or structure or the delivery of their poisons, and poisoning usually takes place through ingestion
Poisonous animals
BIOAVAILABILITY OF A VENOM IS DETERMINED BY:
➢ Composition
➢ Molecular size
➢ Amount or concentration gradient
➢ Solubility
➢ Degree of ionization
➢ Rate of blood flow into that tissue
➢ The properties of the engulfing surface
VENOM CAN BE ABSORBED BY
➢ Active or passive transport ➢ Facilitated diffusion ➢ Pinocytosis, among other physiologic mechanisms
Site of action and metabolism of venom is dependent on its() and () along the gradient between the () and the ()where the components are deposited.
diffusion, partitioning, plasma, tissues
ARTHROPODS • Include the:
Arachnids
Myriapods
Insects
Beetles
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Arachnids
scorpions, spiders, whip scorpions, solpugids, mites, and tick
