Study Set Content:
Activation and transformation to collagen-synthesizing cell
Ethanol
EXAMPLES OF HEPATOTOXICANTS:
✓ Paracetamol ✓ Ethanol ✓ Allyl alcohol ✓ Carbon tetrachloride ✓ Aflatoxins ✓ Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ✓ Metals
One of the most common manifestations of nephrotoxic damage
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
characterize by an abrupt decline in GFR with resulting azotemia, or a build-up of nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
Acute Renal Failure (ARF) or acute kidney injury (AKI) ─
PRERENAL
o Diuretics o Angiotensin receptor antagonists o Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors o Antihypertensive agents
VASOCONSTRICTION
o Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs o Radiocontrast agents o Cyclosporine o Tacrolimus o Amphotericin B
CRYSTALLURIA
o Sulfonamides o Methotrexate o Acyclovir o Triamterene o Ethylene glycol o Protease inhibitors
TUBULAR TOXICITY
o Aminoglycosides o Cisplatin o Vancomycin o Pentamidine o Radiocontrast agents o Heavy metals o Haloalkane- and Haloalkene-cysteine conjugates
ENDOTHELIAL INJURY
o Cyclosporine o Mitomycin C o Tacrolimus o Cocaine o Conjugated estrogens o Quinine
GLOMERULOPATHY
o Gold o Penicillamine o Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS
o Antibiotics o Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs o Diuretic
The kidney has a remarkable ability to compensate for a loss in renal functional mass. Following a ().
unilateral nephrectomy
– cell death by apoptosis or oncosis (necrotic cell death)
Severely injured
cell repair and/or adaptation
Nonlethal injuries
– compensatory hypertrophy, cellular adaptation, and cellular proliferation
Uninjured
Progressive deterioration of renal function may occur with long-term exposure to various chemicals (e.g., analgesics, lithium, and cyclosporine).
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
EXAMPLES OF NEPHROTOXICANTS:
✓ Heavy metals ✓ Halogenated hydrocarbons ✓ Mycotoxins ✓ Therapeutic agents ✓ APAP, NSAIDs, Aminoglycosides, Amphotericin B, ✓ Cyclosporine, Cisplatin, Radiocontrast Agents.
• In inhalation toxicology, exposure is measured as a ()(compound mass per unit of air) • Exposure does not equate to () • Sites of deposition of gases in the respiratory tract – define the pattern of() of those gases
concentration, dose, toxicity
Critical Factors:
Solubility, diffusivity, and metabolism/reactivity
is a critical factor in determining the region of the respiratory tract in which a particle will be deposited.
Particle size
