Study Set Content:
Readily available clinical and preclinical marker although lack of specificity has led to reduced utilization
Myogloblin
Gold Standard for diagnosis of MI. Value extends to preclinical safety and experimental models
Cardiac troponins
the most recognized toxicologic cardiomyopathy which is characterized by an increase in myocardial mass, dilation of the ventricles, wall thinning, ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure.
Alcohol and Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy (ACM)
cause cardiac toxic responses can be simply classified as drugs that are used to treat cardiac disease, and others that are used to treat noncardiac disease
Pharmaceutical Chemicals
- This include naturally occurring catecholamine, hormones, and cytokines, as well as animal and plant toxins.
Natural Products -
Metals and metalloids can be found both in environmental pollutants and industrial block calcium channels that affect cardiac rhythm leading to arrhythmia, others such as arsenic have high affinity or sulfhydryl groups, and interfere with sulfhydryl-containing proteins, such as receptors, regulatory proteins, and transporters.
Environmental Pollutants and Industrial Chemicals -
() is a major phenotype of vascular injury
Vasculature pressure change
results from excessive constriction of the arterial vasculature and/or increased resistance of the microcirculation system.
Hypertension
s practically defined as the symptoms caused by low blood pressure. It is the most common adverse effect of antihypertensive drugs
Hypotension
The most frequent vascular structural injury. Plaque deposits.
Atherosclerosis
— a direct mechanical injury to blood vessels causes hemorrhage (i.e., bleeding), while chemical-induced hemorrhages are seen when damage to capillaries takes place
Hemorrhage
defined as excess fluid in the interstitial space
Edema
is a marker of systemic and vascular inflammation which appears to predict future cardiac events in asymptomatic individuals. SAA and IL6 are similarly reflective of systemic inflammation, but not used as extensively as C() for clinical prediction
CRP
Soluble intracellular and vascular cell adhesion molecule and E-and-P selectins are cell surface receptors on endothelial cells that can be shed following injury or inflammatory activation of peptidases
Soluble adhesion molecules
A potent vasoconstrictive peptide, appears elevated in response to a number of toxicants
Endothelin-1
May be released from a variety of tissues and is a nonspecific biomarker for a number of diseases including vascular injury, but may also be a driver of inflammation and endothelial cells activation via the CD36 receptor
Thrombospodin-1
A peptide that stimulates angiogenesis, may reflect vascular injury or conditions neccesitatin vascular growth or healing
VEGF
Numerous () are released into the circulation from atheromas and areas of vasculitis. Specific () may be more pertinent than others depending on the injury or pathology of interest
Cytokines
Clinically relevant for long-term disease, but may lack specificity/ sensitivity for preclinical safety assessment
Acute phase proteins
Clearly involved in certain clinical pthologies, especially pulmonary hypertensions. Mostly used in preclinical experimental settings
Endothelin-1
