Study Set Content:
Clinical and preclinical values, although not routinely used for cardiovascular damage diagnostic purposes
Soluble adhesion molecules
Principally preclinical and experimental research values
Thrombospondin-1
Used clinically most often for cancer-related outcomes, but often used for preclinical safety related to vascular injury
VEGF
Used widely clinically and experimentally, but not specific enough for diagnostic or prognostic value
Cytokines
includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and isoproterenol, can damage the arterial vasculature by various mechanisms
Sympathomimetic Amines
– an alkaloid found in various plants that mimics the actions of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors throughout the body
Nicotine
– increase the circulating levels of catecholamines and cause a generalized state of vasoconstriction
Cocaine
have been shown to cause intracellular cholesterol accumulation in cultured cells o the aortic intima.
Psychotropic Agents – Trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine
– the vasculotoxic responses elicited by antineoplastic drugs range from asymptomatic arterial lesions to thrombotic microangiopathy
Antineoplastic Agents
– regular use of analgesics containing () has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular morbidity. () may induce glomerular and vascular renal lesions.
Phenacetin, NSAIDS
steroids can produce thromboembolic disorders.
– oral contraceptive
Falls into the two major categories of irritant and allergic forms. • Have indistinguishable clinical characteristics of erythema (redness), induration (thickening and firmness), scaling (flaking), and vesiculation (blistering) on areas directly contacting the chemical agent
CONTACT DERMATITIS
is the condition that arises from the direct contact o agents on the skin and accounts or nearly 80% o contact dermatitis cases.
Irritant Dermatitis
─ extremely corrosive and reactive chemicals may produce immediate coagulative necrosis that results in substantial tissue damage, with ulceration and sloughing. ─ Sometimes referred to as a third-degree chemical burn
Chemical Burns
is a delayed (T -cell mediated) hypersensitive reaction.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Cannot be readily removed are consequently isolated. • These occur in frequently toward a variety of agents introduced into the skin through injection or after laceration or abrasion. ─ produce granulomatous reactions, including silica, talc, paraffin or mineral oil, beryllium, and gadolinium. Metallic mercury and zirconnium compounds
GRANULOMATOUS REACTIONS
after exposure, the most evident acute feature of UV radiation exposure is erythema (redness or sunburn). ➢ () (vasodilation), inflammation, systemic symptoms ➢ () response serves to augment the protective effects of melanin in the skin. ─ Pigmentary changes such as reckling and hypomelanotic areas, wrinkling, telangiectasias (Fine supercial blood vessels), actinic keratoses (precancerous lesions), and malignant skin lesions such as basal and squamous cell carcinomasand malignant melanomas are all consequences of chronic exposure to ultraviolet light exposure.
Erythema, tanning
A “constitutional” sensitivity to light (porphyria cutanea tarda) can be precipitated by alcohol, estrogens, or certain antibiotics in individuals with hereditary abnormalities in porphyrin synthesis, and an “acquired” sensitivity in general by hexachlorobenzene and mixtures of polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons.
Photosensitivity
acute reactions, the skin may appear red and blister within minutes to hours after ultraviolet light exposure
Phototoxicity ─
Chronic phototoxic responses may result in () and thickening of the affected areas.
hyperpigmentation
